In Truman Capote’s - Free Essay Example

In Truman Capote’s true crime novel â€Å"In Cold Blood†, it recalls the gruesome murders of the members of the clutter family, a much loved family that were huge members of their tight knit community in Holcomb, Kansas. The book begins from the familys perspective and gives us insight to the lives they lived. It showed us that people really loved the Holcombs, and how, as the book describes, it was a community where no one locked their doors. Capote is able to give his readers, an insight to the impact a loss of a human life or lives really does to others. We are given very specific details and how the Clutter family impacted Holcomb and how important and loved they were by everyone in the town and in just one night, those people who were so loved, were taken away. Before the night of the actual murder, we are introduced to the killers, Perry and Dick. Their pasts are unknown in the begging but what the author gives us is that they are going to get a huge score, with us having no idea what the score is. Dick does stress one thing to Perry throughout the way, â€Å"No witnesses.† Its a very ominous foreshadowing for whats to come. The Clutters are found in the morning by the Nancy’s two friends, and the police show up. We are shown in gruesome that each family member has been bound and blasted with a shotgun in the head almost point blank, all with the exception of Herb, who not only has been shot, but has his throat slit. A investigation is started right away, led by Dewey. They look for clues and leads, but almost nothing turns up. This not only shocks the town of Holcomb, but causes people to turn against one another or even leave the town with their families for good. The way Capote drops hints and uses dramatical irony to have the reader piece together the case that others will figure is a wonderful part of the book. It causes you to want to continue each page to see if any more pieces of information is revealed or if a new clue was found. We now switch to the killers perspectives, now long gone in mexico just the two of them, having many fantasies of their own. We find out more about their pasts too, how Perry lived a horrible childhood and the attitudes of both of them, both different yet complimenting each other in their own unique ways. It shoots a big hint to the reader that there isnt something quite right in their head. We then switch back to the investigators and the case, they have finally broken their first lead. Floyd Wells, who used to work for Mr. Clutter and was was Dicks, ‘bunk inmate† at the penitentiary. He exposes to the police that he told dick that the clutter family hid a safe with 10 grand inside their house, finally revealing to us what the â€Å"big score† was. The police track down the two killers and are able to bring them in when they find a stolen car that leads back to them and that they indeed, were traveling, the night of the killings. The police are able to capture Dick in an interrogation, catching him in a web of lies and contradictions, he finally confesses. Dewey tells Perry and that everything has been exposed by Dick, and here we finally see the killers true intention and how the night went down. It is revealed that the men were originally there for the money, but when they found nothing there, as Mr. Clutter had spent it on his familys life insurance ironically enough, Perry wanted to leave as soon as possible. However, Dick had said what he had stressed before, â€Å"No witnesses.†. He continuously tried to rile up Perry, and Perry who had reached his breaking point to prove himself to Dick, took his knife and slit Mr. Clutters throat. The shootings quickly took place thereafter and they fled the scene. After this the men are trialed and sentenced to death, throughout this process, we are shown that after a psychiatric evaluation, both men are definitely mentally ill, Dick had obtained his condition from the same crash the claimed his legs, and Perry suffered from Schizophrenia. The reason or motive behind the murders are decided that it was a revenge for the horrible childhoods they have been put through and the killings were a triggered response. After both men are hung, the final scene is Dewey visiting the graves of the Clutter family where he also meets Sue Kidwell, where they both end up doing what the Author wanted people to do by reading this book, to truly see and experience the endurance of life, no matter what happens to others, even if it be death. â€Å"In Cold Blood† was a roller coaster, amazing read from start to finish I completed probably half the book just on a plane ride to san fran, because it was such a page turner. It makes me think in a melancholy type of way, that life stops for no one, no matter what happens. To me this book is an absolute must read and I am thoroughly thrilled that I got to experience reading this.

Introduction to Legal Theory - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1620 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Legal theory is a primary subject which could serve as the basis for law and due to its vast theorists and their ideas such as natural law, legal positivism, utilitarianism and feminism, this essay will explain legal theory, legal research and the importance of legal theory and how it is linked to legal research, it will also discuss various theorists and the essay will go further to show the relationship between legal theory and law. Firstly, legal theory can be described as a subject that is taught and learnt in university for law related courses. Legal theory basis its ideas on law and morality which are two main ideologies for law. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Introduction to Legal Theory" essay for you Create order à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The purpose of legal research is to find authority that will aid in finding a solution to a legal problem. Primary authorities are the rules of law that are binding upon the courts, government, and individuals. Examples are statutes, regulations, court orders, and court decisions. They are generated by legislatures, courts, and administrative agencies. Secondary authorities are commentaries on the law that do not have binding effect but aid in explaining what the law is or should beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [1]. Legal research is the process of using both primary and secondary sources to find out more information about law and to come up with solutions for legal problems; it deals with statutes, cases, treaties, laws, critical analysis and facts. In legal theory there are theories which help to structure law in the modern world. Some of these theories are natural law, legal positivism, utilitarianism and feminism. Natural law is based on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“what ought to beà ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã‚  and it deals with morals and reasoning. Theorists such as Augustine and Aquinas believed in morality, God and Christian influence. Augustine had the idea that an unjust law is not law while Aquinas believed in the four types of law which were divine law, eternal law, human law and natural law which all had to do with reasoning, morality and religion. This can be linked to law and the legal system that some countries are practicing. Natural law helps students to understand law and legal theory from a natural law point of view. McLeod states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“some natural lawyers look to religious beliefs, while others are content to derive moral foundation from observable facts and certain logical inferences which they claim, may be drawn from them.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [2] The statement that was made from McLeod shows that lawyers that are based in natural law can look at law from a religious belief or from a moral perspective. In addition to this John Finnis and Lon Luv ous fuller also had their own theories concerning natural law. Fullerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory talks about the development of natural law in a way that is modern and secular, he also goes further to explain inner morality and legal systems that subjects humans to the government of law, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Fuller also believed that a good legal system must have eight components which are (i) to have rules (without rules there is no system), (ii) rules must be published, (iii) law must be prospective, (iv) law must be clear and transparent, (v) rules must be non-contradictory, (vi) possibility to comply, (vii) legal certainty and (viii) rule of law. Finnis has a more different approach, he believes in human fruition, individual law; he believes that the law should promote human fruition. He also talks about the seven universal principles of natural law which are, life, knowledge, play, Ecstatic experience, friendship, practical reasoning and spiritual exper ience (not necessarily God).Finnis and Fuller can be perceived as a modern day form of natural law theorists. Natural law helps in legal research because it deals with morality which gives the researcher an idea of law that can be linked to human rights. Human rights can be viewed as a factor under natural law which gives the researcher an idea of the relationship between natural law and human rights. Apart from this, legal positivism is also seen to be one of the important areas in Legal theory. Legal positivism takes a more different approach towards law; legal positivism deals with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“what isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“According to legal positivism, law is synonymous with positive norms, that is, norms made by the legislator or considered as common law or case law. Formal criteria of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s origin, law enforcement and legal effectiveness are all sufficient for social norms to be considered law. It looks at legal system and how the law of a state should be based on a good legal system.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [3] Theorists such as John Austin, H.L.A Hart and Hans Kelsen talk about good legal systems, rules and norms. Legal positivism also goes further to explain the separation of morality from law hence showing the difference between legal positivism and natural law. Austin believes in a state having a sovereign who is habitually obeyed, gives commands and inflicts sanctions if not followed. His theory is known as the command theory which serves as an important ideology for law. Hart talks about a legal system that consists of primary rules which are only valid if followed from the secondary rules. The secondary rules consist of rules of recognition, rules of change and rules of adjudication. Hans Kelsen talks about grund norm which means the first basic law and how the law should stem from this to form a good legal system in a society. Legal positivism helps in legal research because it gives the researcher an insight of the laws, rules and norms which can be linked to the laws that are used in the modern day society and. Not only this, but legal positivism can also be linked to law as a subject and can help students understand the judgments of cases. Apart from this, another important theorist that should be considered is Jeremy Bentham who was the founder of utilitarianism. This theory talks about the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Bentham used the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“judge made lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as a term of abuse and contempt. Bentham also believed that the price of pleasure or pain depends only on its intensity and duration which can be quantified at least in principle exactly[4] and these are his principle of utility: (i) the good of a society is the sum of happiness of the individuals in that society[5], (ii) the purpose of morality is promotion of the good of society[6], (iii) a moral principle is ideal if and only if universal conformity to it would maximize the good of so ciety[7] and (iv) universal conformity to the principle of UTILITY (Act always so as to maximize total net balance of pleasures and pains) would maximize the good of society[8]. Utilitarianism allows human beings to determine what should be in the law by discovering what brings about the greatest amount of happiness and the least amount of pain. Apart from this, Bentham also argued that human beings are basically selfish and therefore should be ruled by a sovereign power that creates the law and the law decides what the peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights should be because without law human rights are valueless. This point leads to what Bentham views natural law as which is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“nonsense upon stiltsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and he believes that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“what ought to beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is unimportant because if these rights cannot be seen then how can it be understood. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Bentham holds that natural laws are the product of the imagination of those that invoke them and anyone may lay down what he pleases (Principles of Legislation, Ch. XIII).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [9] The utilitarian theory helps in legal research because it helps the researcher or student understand the relationship between the values of law, pleasure and natural rights in the society. Another theory that can be considered is the feminist theory. Feminism is an ideology that is aimed at defining, establishing and defending equal political, economic and social rights for women. Feminist jurisprudence is a philosophy of law based on the political, economic, and social equality of sexes. As a field of legal scholarship, feminist jurisprudence began in the 1960s[10]. It now holds an important place in law, legal thought and influences many debates on sexual and domestic violence, inequality (glass ceiling) in the workplace, and gender discrimination[11]. Through various approaches, feminists have identified gendered components and gendered implications of seemingly neutral laws and p ractices. Laws affecting employment, divorce, reproductive rights, rape, domestic violence, and sexual harassment have all benefited from the analysis and insight of feminist jurisprudence.[12] Feminism helps in legal research looking at it from the feminist perspective and how that can be related to the society and law. In conclusion legal theory helps to broaden the knowledge of students and legal practitioners on law which gives them the understanding and ideas they need to carry out legal research. It also shows how the various theories and theorists help to understand the relationship between law and the society and also the relationship between legal theory and other law based subjects. 1 [1] Legal research, Cornell University Law School, https://www.law.cornell.edu [accessed 2nd April, 2014] [2] McLeod I, LEGAL THEORY, 6th edition, 2012, palgrave macmillan, pg 19 [3] Legal positivism, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://www.iep.utm.edu [accessed 2nd April, 2014] [4] Utilitarian philosophy, https://www.utilitarianphilisophy.com [accessed 9th April, 2014] [5] Utilitarian philosophy, https://www.utilitarianphilisophy.com [accessed 9th April, 2014] [6] Utilitarian philosophy, https://www.utilitarianphilisophy.com [accessed 9th April, 2014] [7] Utilitarian philosophy, https://www.utilitarianphilisophy.com [accessed 9th April, 2014] [8] Utilitarian philosophy, https://www.utilitarianphilisophy.com [accessed 9th April, 2014] [9] Bentham on human rights and liberty, Fidis, https://www.fidis.net [accessed 9th April, 2014] [10] Feminist Jurisprudence, Legal information institute, https://www.law.cornell.edu [accessed 9th April, 2014] [11] Feminist Jurisprudence, Legal information institute, https://www.law.cornell.edu [accessed 9th April, 2014] [12] Feminist Jurisprudence, Legal information institute, https://www.law.cornell.edu [accessed 9th April, 2014]

9 Types of Marine Ecosystems

Differences and Similarities in the Arguments for...

Lorena Burgess RHE 309S October 28th, 2011 Differences and Similarities in the Arguments for Legalizing Marijuana The legalization of marijuana has become a mainstream issue that the nation has become highly concerned about in recent years. Lately more and more conservative opposers have begun to change their minds, realizing the benefits of marijuana. Debate followers go as far as saying that it is no longer a question of if marijuana will be legalized, but when. The shift in viewpoints is due to the increasing awareness of some of the positive effects legalizing marijuana could have on the country. Pro-legalization advocates argue that the benefits of legalizing marijuana greatly outnumber the benefits of keeping it illegal.†¦show more content†¦They know their audience is anti-legalization, so they want to make sure that the readers know, before they choose a stance, they’ve been lied to. This makes the authors seem like more trustworthy and rational choice. By using the Constitution to back up their arguments, there is no real way to justify anti-legalization. Assumptions will be made that you’re anti-Constitution, and in turn, anti-American. Another similarity between Cartwright’s stance and other arguments for marijuana legalization is the huge emphasis on the effects it will have on the economy. In the article â€Å"Up In Smoke,† Kelley Beaucar Vlahos describes the economic benefits of legalization, while giving real number estimates of how much revenue could be brought in or saved. She writes, â€Å"Proponents of Prop 19 claimed taxes on legalized cannabis could bring upwards of $1.4 billion into beleaguered state coffers† (Vlahos 18). Cartwright does this in his article as well, stating that â€Å"In America, we spend nearly $8 billion trying to enforce the laws prohibiting the use and possesson of marijuana† (Cartwright 86). Cartwright further supports this argument by providing more proof of the waste of taxpayers’ dollars, stating that â€Å"in Texas, 97 percent of all marijuana arrests are for simple possession--an ounce or less--at a cost to taxpayers of $480 million a year† (86). Cartwright chooses to provide the reader with these statistics for deliberate reasons: it provides aShow MoreRelatedShould Hemp Be Legalize The Planting Of Hemp?1503 Words   |  7 Pagesmentally. He states, â€Å"Flower buds of marijuana plants typically contain 5% to 25% of THC by dry weight, Levine said. By contrast, the hemp harvested to make foods and other products has buds with 0.3% THC content†¦ with sufficiently low THC levels that they produce no psychoactive effect in humans, manufacturers say. ‘No one s getting high on this stuff’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Carey). Carey’s argument is based on the idea that people tend to believe hemp is same as the addictive drug—marijuana. Statistically, this quote clearlyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1820 Words   |  8 Pagesuse is checked in screening processes by many employers and forbidden among our youth since children and young adults are more vulnerable to misuse. With the legalization of marijuana all parents should be concerned as what was once an illegal drug is now easily accessible to youth of all ages. The chances of exposure to marijuana and all its strains among teens is almost certain and it is up to parents to protect their children from a newfound threat. A major debate revolves around the medical aspectRead MoreMODR 17608087 Words   |  33 Pagesfacts and spin them to your advantage not in a way that accurately reflects the truth. Or to spin them reversely to oppose your opponent. To raise emotions, prejudice, and ignorance in poorer and less-educated. Lecture 3: In order to have an argument we need two related claims. One claim supports the other. The supporter claim is premise. The supported is the conclusion. The process is inference. A claim is a statement that can be true or false. - Questions are not claims. Unless they’re

Business Plans on Tender coconut - 1172 Words

Business Plan COMPANY PROFILE †¢ Company name :- Tender coco. †¢ Place :- 7th milestone, Mumbai highway Road, Belgaum (Kar) †¢ Company Business- The project is based on the processing of coconut water â€Å"with flavors the packaging of the same in Sachet tetra packs add sell them. â€Å"We are into this business to earn money, generate employment and ensure quality prices to farmers and quality product to customers.† Why this location- Belgaum †¢ Few distance from major cities like Mumbai 500, Bangalore 502, Hyderabad 515,Panji 150 km. †¢ We benefit coconut farmers in Belgaum district. †¢ We buy coconuts from them at a competitive rate, process ,pack and sell them. †¢ Karnataka is the third largest coconut producing state,†¦show more content†¦Distribution Channel Belgaum Delhi Mumbai Within region PRICING As a new comer our pricing strategy is to introduce our products in the market at lower prices so as to create huge demand in the market and then compete with other competitors. As we come up in the demand, we will increase our prices and will provide more efficient and affordable drinks . P r i c i n g Po l i c y †¦ ïÆ'Ëœ Apply the concept of providing quality product at optimum price ïÆ'Ëœ Provide Lucrative discounts, deals and schemes ïÆ'Ëœ Adopt sales oriented objective ïÆ'Ëœ Have one price policy to maintain a goodwill among customers. Factors†¦ The factors which will contribute to the success for our juice demands in market: †¢ High consumer retention rate †¢ Price, a competitive advantage †¢ Natural product †¢ Great distribution network †¢ Well – Health product P ro m o t i o n a l I d e a s ïÆ'ËœChange beverage choices in vending machines at school and collages ïÆ'ËœAssess the financial impact on school and collage profits ïÆ'ËœIdentify approaches to promote healthful beverage choices and maintain profits for schools and collages Long-Term Strategy Contd†¦. ïÆ'Ëœ Change advertising on beverage vending machines ïÆ'Ëœ Change beverage choices to water, sports drinks, and 100% fruit juices ïÆ'Ëœ Collect and submit monthly financial data from school andShow MoreRelatedKerafed Projecct9056 Words   |  37 Pagesfirst plant opened at Puthiyakavu, Karunagappally with a capacity of 200ml of copra crushing in the year 1991. 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Corporate Social Responsibility †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About The Corporate Social Responsibility And Ethics? Answer: Introduction The reported study has been developed addressing the business issues associated with modern business practices. In this particular study, the management of labour practices and community engagement practices of Singapore Airlines Limited has been illustrated to identify the strengths and weaknesses within the approaches leading towards the corporate social responsibility of the organisation. Singapore Airlines has successfully supported towards the community to become one of the trendsetters in the target market of Singapore (Kannekanti, Muddu, 2009). The study has linked the management practices of Singapore Airlines with the corporate social responsibility to evaluate how the organisation has efficiently managed the labour practices and community engagement in the dynamic business environment. Precisely, labour practices can be termed as one of the most substantial aspects associated with the airlines business. Contemporary business organisations such as Singapore Airlines need to identify significant laws, regulatory directives, and social responsibilities to set the best approach. Similarly, community engagement is a considerable management practice that builds a strong relationship with the stakeholders associated with the business framework (Kang, 2012). Evidently, both the management practices have collectively benefited to the organisation as well as the community. At the end of the discussion, a set of recommendation has been included to improve the business practices for long-term business viability. Responsible Element 1: Labour Practices Singapore Airlines has certainly maintained significant status in managing the employees. As the aviation industry has been one of the leading job-creating sectors in Singapore, the airline's company has taken a significant responsibility to offer jobs at different positions (Yasser, Al Mamun, Ahmed, 2017). In order to maintain efficient industrial relations with the employees and other stakeholders, Singapore Airlines Staff Union has taken the initiatives. In the case of recruiting employees such as pilots, flight attendance, cabin crew, technical engineers, and other ground staff members, Singapore Airlines has followed the legislations and regulatory directives to ensure best human resource management practices (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). Furthermore, the organisation has valued the employee bargaining agreements to maintain a healthy relationship with the subordinates. The airline company also dictates anti-corruption policy and terms for the suppliers to improve the l abour practices ("Corporate Governance Policies", 2017). In the dynamic business environment, Singapore Airlines have supported the employees by providing training and development enhancing their career opportunities in the sector. In addition, the total reward system offered to the employees can be defined as the best in the entire industry ("Singapore Airlines", 2017). Subsequently, the organisational management has protected the rights of the employees and prohibited any discrimination in management abiding by the laws. Meanwhile, individual cases have gone against the company. For instance, in 2004, Singapore Airlines had unlawfully thrown out a union activist based on a labour dispute. Strengths Corporate Culture: Singapore Airlines has improvised significant corporate culture to influence the labour management practices in the business environment. For instance, the reliability and innovativeness in the labour practices have drawn more talents towards the company (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). Precisely, the anti-corruption policy and terms for the suppliers and partners have dictated corporate social responsibility in labour practice. Also, the corporate culture of the airlines business has played a major role in protecting the rights of the employees. Management Flexibility: The diversified management pool of Singapore Airlines has verified each aspect within the human resource management. For instance, employee relation has been governed efficiently to manage the disputes among the employees (Ramaswamy, 2012). Apart from that, flexible management of Singapore Airlines has acted as a motivational agent. Weaknesses Overloading of Staffs: In the broader business dimension, the management of Singapore Airlines needs to control massive workforce. As a result of the scenario, overloading of officials has become one of the considerable issues in HR management (Wirtz, 2008). Therefore, labour disputes and labour related concerns are increasing day by day in the business environment of the aviation business. Social Policy: The social policy of Singapore Airlines is another weakness in the management of labour practices. For instance, the company hires seasonal staffs and trainees to fulfil many job positions. Therefore, such social policy has negatively impacted on the activities of the business. Responsible Element 2: Community Engagement The term community engagement is essential for any multinational business organisation such as Singapore Airlines Limited. Depending on the challenging market environment, Singapore Airlines has established substantial community engagement describing extensive range of communication (Thomas, 2011). By contributing towards education, consultation, career development, partnerships, and public participation, Singapore Airlines has connected the business with the local people according to their special interest. By shifting the business focus towards the collective social public, Singapore Airlines has influenced the social participation by providing jobs to the community. Alternatively, Singapore Airlines has related the business with the local government to make positive changes in the target location (Ramaswamy, 2012). Through the identification of corporate social responsibility of the business, Singapore Airlines has been engaged in dedicated air transportation service influencing the lifestyle of the community. At the same time, Singapore Airlines has provided significant return to the investors by maximising the profits in the challenging business environment. In the every aspect of the aviation business of Singapore Airlines, the company has successfully met the requirement of the stakeholders (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). In addition, the community engagement of the business has increased the income status of the public on a various note. Precisely, directly or indirectly, Singapore Airlines has contributed towards the success of the community and the social public associated with the business framework. Strengths Community engagement activities: Singapore Airlines conducts different community engagement activities such as collecting feedbacks from the employees, customers and other stakeholders regarding the operations of the firm (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). On the other hand, the company also conducts educational campaign for the suppliers to motivate them to implement corporate social responsibility policy and act for the betterment of the society, environment and the economy. Level of community engagement: The level of community engagement is a primary strength of Singapore Airlines. The management and employees of the company participates in different community development events such as fund raising for the education of the poor children and helps people facing problems through natural calamities (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). Weaknesses Lack of flexibility in working arrangement: The HR management policy of the firm lacks flexible working arrangement for the workers due to high pressure of work. On the other hand, the high pressure of work and increasing challenges in the market leads to employee burnout (May, Cheney, Roper, 2017). Hence, a lack of community engagement can be evident in terms of workload among the current workforce of the firm. Biasness in recruitment: The Company does not have any separate policy to hire the people from the minority groups. On the other hand, Singapore Airlines focuses on hiring experienced people in the industry (May, Cheney, Roper, 2017). Hence, the biasness in the recruitment acts as a weakness for active community engagement. Recommendation to improve approaches In order to make improvement of the existing business approaches in the labour practices and community engagement, a few of recommendation has been listed in the underlying section: Increase Management Cooperation: Through substantial business audits, the management cooperation standards should be increased so that the HR practices and labour disputes can be dealt with utter priority and efficiency (Trong Tuan, 2012). In this way, the managers can effectively identify the leading issues affecting the labour practices. Also, the internal issues in the labour practices can be managed substantially if cooperation standards can be enhanced among the workers and management employees. Improve Employment Condition: Singapore Airlines management must continuously develop the infrastructure so that labour practices such as hiring, training development, compensation, and other approaches can be managed efficiently (King, Cruickshank, 2010). Thus, improved employment condition can automatically work in favour of the management. Decisively, suitable employment condition will encourage the workforce to be engaged with the organisation. Implement flexible working arrangement: Singapore Airlines must implement flexible working arrangement in order to motivate the employees. A flexible working arrangement will reduce the pressure over the employees and motivate them to enhance their performance (Trong Tuan, 2012). The flexible working arrangement will increase the loyalty of the workforce and increase employee engagement. Mitigate biasness in recruitment: The Company needs to make changes in its recruitment policy to mitigate the issues of biasness in recruitment (Watson, 2017). For example, the management of Singapore Airlines can develop policy to hire employees from the minority groups to enhance the strength of the workforce and increase community engagement. Conclusion By considering the above analysis, Singapore Airlines have effectively implemented CSR policies to improve labour practices and increase community engagement. The company implements modern HR policy to maintain a corporate culture at workplace. On the other hand, the activity participation of the management in community activities enhances the reputation of the firm. Meanwhile, the company lacks flexible working arrangement and faces the issue of biasness in the recruitment process. Additionally, the social policy and overloading of staffs lead to several challenges in the labour practices. Hence, the management of Singapore Airlines needs to make changes in its community engagement and labour practice approaches to improve its corporate social responsibility. References Corporate Governance Policies. (2017).Singaporeair.com. Retrieved May 2017, from https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/in/about-us/corporate-governance-policies/ Kang, J. (2012). The relationship between corporate diversification and corporate social performance.Strategic Management Journal,34(1), 94-109. Kannekanti, S., Muddu, V. (2009). Corporate Space for Social Sciences through Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives Rising trend of Corporate Social Responsibility is a Boom for Asias Social Sciences from Theory and Practice Perspective.Asian Social Science,4(11). King, C., Cruickshank, M. (2010). Building capacity to engage: community engagement or government engagement?.Community Development Journal,47(1), 5-28. May, S., Cheney, G., Roper, J. (2017).The debate over corporate social responsibility(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Miller, F., Vandome, A., McBrewster, J. (2009).Singapore Airlines(1st ed.). Alphascript Pub. Ramaswamy, K. (2012). Singapore International Airlines: Strategy with a smile.Thunderbird International Business Review,44(4), 533-555. Singapore Airlines. (2017).Singaporeair.com. Retrieved May 2017, from https://www.singaporeair.com/en_UK/in/flying-withus/our-story/ Thomas, S. (2011). Heritage and Community Engagement: Collaboration or Contestation?.Curator: The Museum Journal,54(3), 371-374. Trong Tuan, L. (2012). Corporate social responsibility, ethics, and corporate governance.Social Responsibility Journal,8(4), 547-560. Watson, D. (2017).Managing civic and community engagement(1st ed.). Maidenhead: Open University Press. Wirtz, J. (2008). Managing human resources for service excellence and cost effectiveness at Singapore Airlines.Strategic Direction,24(7). Yasser, Q., Al Mamun, A., Ahmed, I. (2017). Corporate Social Responsibility and Gender Diversity: Insights from Asia Pacific.Corporate Social Responsibility And Environmental Management,24(3), 210-221. Corporate Social Responsibility – Free Samples for Students Question: What Is the Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives? Answer: Introduction It is a business practice adopted by organizations that want to make an impact to the community around instead of not only repatriating the profits to their headquarters. Through sound CSR practices, the organization enhances its image to different stakeholders such as the customers, employers, partners, shareholders and even the government (Salib et al., 2015). Often, clients tend to support more organizations that sacrifices for the sake of the community, since when the customer supports the business, at the back of their mind they know that they stand to benefit in future. Besides, investors are also likelier to be more inclined towards channeling resources to enterprises popular with high ethical standards (McWilliams, 2014). Different studies have revealed that most workers prefer working for organizations that they can make an impact, since the process of making an impact makes a happy employee, and as a result, there is a trickle down benefit to the entire supply chain of bene ficiary to the company (Singh, 2016). These employees have realized that financial incentives is less important compared to making a difference in the society (Baumberg, 2014). The benefits of CSR initiative to the local community and the society in generally is already visible whereby it is today common to find companies giving donations to charities, employees volunteering in community-building non-profits , or even absorbing interns after their graduations. Such initiatives have already made a large impact to the society (Flammer, 2015). There are several justifications as to why CSR are imperative towards companys operations. To begin with, CSR initiatives ensure that corporate entities uphold high moral standards in its dealings with the environment and the community around. The organization is also mandated to maintain high ethical standards and requirements from its regulatory entities. Another justification is that the organization has a duty to uphold its reputation across the stakeholders gamut. CSR does not only involve charity of philanthropic activities, but it may extend towards other causes such as energy saving programs and rebates for university students. However, most companies have different CSR policies whereby some have emerged successful while other have failed (Saeidi, 2015). No single entity has structured a CSR policy similar with its rivals. There are concerns that some entities have CSR policies in place that will benefit the community around in the long run but some companies only do it for publicity purposes (Hombert et al., 2015). It is in light of this fact that the paper will review CSR policies for TATA and Toyota Motors Corporation through a business value assessment report. Toyota Motor Corporation CSR Initiatives Company Background Toyota is a leading automobile manufacture employing more than 300,000 people worldwide. The company was incorporated way back in 1940 in Japan and due to the adherence of its mission statement making better cars has made the company the de facto leader in terms of sales and revenues. In 2015, the company successfully sold 9.3 million units of vehicles, which is an increase of 15 percent compared to 2014 sales, despite the fact that the revenues reported were significantly affected by the exchange rate fluctuations from the Japanese Yen (Dobrzykowski, McFadden, Vonderembse, 2016). Since 2009 the companys senior management has instituted massive changes to their operational processes. The changes were precipitate by the 2008/2009 global financial crisis (Przychodzen, Przychodzen, W. (2015). Some of the measures that have been instituted include the reorganization of Toyotas operations into four distinct units and the extensive promotion of the One-Toyota concepts. As a result, the org anization identified stability, efficiency and growth as three principal priorities in its overall financial strategy. CSR Initiatives Toyota launched its global CSR program in March 2011. The initiative was dubbed the Toyota Global Vision represented by a tree like image. The companys value is a mere representation of the tree, whereby Toyotas stable business base is represented by the trunk. Toyotas notions of Always Better Cars and Enriching Lives are represented as the drupe of the tree. Therefore the organization vision accentuates on the organizations principal objectives of profit maximization through the Always Better Vehicles and corporate social responsibility of Enriching Lives of Communities. This particular analogy is illustrated in the diagram below. Annually Toyota releases its global responsibility report which detail the initiatives and CSR programs engaged through the organizations (Klingeberg, 2013). The table below is going to highlight the companys 2016 report. CSR Activities Toyota Performance Labor and Human Rights 2 percent of the companys workforce are disabled Health and Safety There has been quality control circle within the organization to enhance vitality of the employee and the workplaces. By 2015, there was roughly 4,100 circles involving more than 36,000 members active in Japan alone, the home country of Toyota, and around 13,000 circles involving more than 100,000 members was active overseas. The company also conducts genchi genbutsu safety program to ensure that both the workforce and visitors to the premises are safe. Environment Water consumption The company utilizes techniques that tap rainwater to minimize on water consumption in its plant. Recycling The company is engaged in several recycling efforts including: Using eco-friendly products Ensuring that vehicle parts last longer Using recyclable materials in producing vehicle parts Manufacturing cars from the materials end-of-life vehicles CO 2 Emission The company is in the process of improving its global average fuel efficiency by 25 percent by the year 2020 As of the end of December Toyotas implementation of hybrid technology resulted into a reduction of roughly 41 million tons of CO2 emission The company is also piloting the New Vehicle Zero C02 Challenges that is projected to minimize on carbon emissions by 90 percent come 2050 when compared with year 2010 figures Supporting Local Community The company supports local purchasing globally a situation that improves on the economy of the local market Gender equality and Minority Today the company has made bold moves and increased the number of women manager positions from 16 in 2005 to more than 112 in 2016. The company plans to increase the number of managerial women from the current figure to three folds by the year 2020. Other Initiatives The company has instituted several road safety campaign programs including distributing more than 150 million publications of traffic safety picture pamphlets and more than 1.5 million copies of traffic safety picture-card sets to pre-school and kindergarten kids in Japan. Overseas, Toyota is engaged with the White Road Campaign and Teen Drive in the U.S. There are also several workshop and education programs that have been organized for suppliers in Japan and other overseas units, even though participation in such a program is voluntarily. TATA Motor Corporation CSR The company has been at the forefront of productive community engagement throughout its entire period of operations spanning six years back. The companys CSR initiatives are in line with the organizations philosophy of giving back to the society that has continued nourishing the quality of individuals live across India. The companys community initiatives focus on four distinct areas: Environment, Employability, Education and Health. Besides, the company operates through the Affirmative Action Framework, and the company assists the company from scheduled castes and scheduled tribes to acquire access towards streamlined opportunities in education and livelihood improvement. TATA motors have embraced synergetic partnership with the government, civil society organizations and community members to undertake significant projects, that have helped developed a positive impact on the lives of individuals (Badhulri Selarka, 2016). Health: Tackling Malnutrition The company has embarked on initiatives that prevent and treat malnutrition. The organizations collaborate with kids up to six years, adolescents, pregnant women and lactating mothers. There are several health awareness sessions that are geared to community members to propel and curative measures. TATA motors are also at the forefront of providing safe drinking water whereby more than 16,000 people are already beneficiaries of the health program. Education TATA motors is focusing on enhancing academic performance of secondary school kids through distribution of financial aid and conducting special coaching to the kids. The organization is also playing a role towards retention of the kids in school by making learning interesting through the use of audio-visual technology. Students are also encouraged to participate in co-curricular activities whereby the current efforts so far assisted so far more than 51,000 kids. Employability The unemployed youths are trained in different areas of automotive trades, mainly as drivers or mechanics. Immediately the people complete their training, they are absorbed in the Tatas eco-system. In 2015, TATA motors provided training to more than 73,000 youths. Besides, the organizations also engage community-based groups of women and farmers to assist them earn supplementary income through agriculture and other associated programs. Environment TATA motors organize awareness sessions to assist with educating individuals on the importance of different aspects of the environment. The sessions have witnessed more than 13,000 participants, and through the green awareness, the organization has planted 67,000 trees on wastelands in attempt to enhance the green cover (Gupta Sur, 2016; Bhardwaj Agarwal, 2014). Similarities and Dissimilarities of TATA and Toyota Corporations CSR Initiatives These two companies are in the automobile industry. However, their headquarters are located in different companies and at the same time they have different business models despite operating from the same sector. Tata motors have their headquarters in India while Toyotas headquarters are in Japan (Gayathri, 2016). The socio and macro-economic backgrounds of the country of operations of these two companies are different and therefore the social concerns of these countries must be different. From the case study, we can see that Toyotas CSR initiatives is focused mostly on making the world a better place through proper manufacturing of the vehicles and educating the drivers on sound on-road behavior practices (Chatterji Palakshappa, 2016). Toyota has gone to an extent to provide the vehicle drivers with education pamphlets on how to ensure that they vehicle is always in roadworthy condition and the company is also educating kindergarten kids in Japan and high school learners in Japan. H owever, on the other hand, TATA motors is more concerned with community programs such as access to safe drinking water, improving enhancing education quality, healthcare and other social causes. The two cases indicate that despite the fact that TATA and Toyota are operating in the same sector, their business models are dissimilar. Besides, the products they manufacture are developed for different social statuses, and therefore their production facilities are also located in different manufacturing hubs, located in communities with different social classes. As a result, the CSR initiatives of these companies are completely different (Baha Saha, 2016). Conclusion From the above cases we have seen how the two companies have structured their CSR policies. Even though the companies come from different countries with their operations structured differently. However, the organizations have done so much and the bottom line is that the two companies regardless of their socio-economic background are still giving back to the society in one way or another. However, the organizations should work in tandem with the community around and other stakeholders to develop sound strategies that assist the organizations to improve the livelihood of the community around. References Baumberg, B., Cuzzocrea, V., Morini, S., Ortoleva, P., Disley, E., Tzvetkova, M., ... Beccaria, F. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibility. Bawa, A., Saha, A. (2016). Strength of corporate social responsibility as a corporate brand association: general public perspective. DECISION, 43(4), 313-332. Bhaduri, S. N., Selarka, E. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility in India: Evolution and Progress of CSR and Regulations. In Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility of Indian Companies (pp. 43-60). Springer Singapore. Bhardwaj, G., Agarwal, S. (2014). Business ethics and corporate social responsibility at tata group. International Journal in Management Social Science, 2(9), 37-47. Chatterji, M., Palakshappa, N. (2016). Going Beyond Profit: A Case Study of the CSR Initiative of Titan, Tata Group. In Ethical Leadership (pp. 215-238). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Dobrzykowski, D. D., McFadden, K. L., Vonderembse, M. A. (2016). Examining pathways to safety and financial performance in hospitals: A study of lean in professional service operations. Journal Of Operations Management, 42, 39-51. Flammer, C. (2015). Does corporate social responsibility lead to superior financial performance? A regression discontinuity approach. Management Science, 61(11), 2549-2568. Gayathri, S. (2016). An Insight in to the CSR Activity of Mahindra Mahindra Ltd. Browser Download This Paper. Gupta, A., Sur, D. (2016). BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL RISKS IN INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION. Hombert, J., Thesmar, D., Tahoun, A., Piotroski, J. D., Zhang, T., Lim, J., ... Weisbach, M. S. (2014). Using the firm-level corporate social responsibility (CSR) ratings of Kinder, Lydenberg, Domini, we find that firms score higher on CSR when they have Democratic rather than Republican founders, CEOs, and directors, and when they are headquartered in Democratic rather than Republican-leaning states. Democratic-leaning firms spend $20 million more on CSR than Republican-leaning firms ($80 million more... Journal of Financial Economics, 111(1), 158-180. Klingenberg, B., Timberlake, R., Geurts, T. G., Brown, R. J. (2013). The relationship of operational innovation and financial performanceA critical perspective. International journal of production economics, 142(2), 317-323. McWilliams, A. (2014). Economics of Corporate Social Responsibility. Edward Elgar Publishing. Przychodzen, J., Przychodzen, W. (2015). Relationships between eco-innovation and financial performanceevidence from publicly traded companies in Poland and Hungary. Journal of Cleaner Production, 90, 253-263. Saeidi, S. P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S. P., Saaeidi, S. A. (2015). How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction. Journal of Business Research, 68(2), 341-350. Salib, J., Sun, D., Wu, J., Wen, X., Huang, C. C. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility. Singh, B. J. R. (2016). Corporate social responsibility in India. International Journal of Higher Education Research Development, 1(1).

Different Leadership Styles & Approaches-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Leadership and Managerial Skills. Answer: Introduction Leadership and managerial skills have been pivotal in achieving success within an organization setup. The approaches to be undertaken and implied within an organization depend upon the current situational analysis of the organization. In the essay, the different styles of leadership such as the contingency as well as the laissez fair leadership had been discussed. The study also discusses the effectiveness of individual approach in the context of public health. However, the affectivity needs to be measured to evaluate the loopholes further. The gaps thus identified had helped in providing better health care and support to individual support users seeking medical help. The applications of such models had also helped in the establishment of standard services and models. However, there are a number of loopholes associated with the implications of appropriate set of models within a care set up. In this context, a number of ethical implications attached within a health care setup had been considered. Thus, adopting a person centred approach provides sufficient autonomy to the support users. However, at the same time there had been a number of limitations concerning the health situation of the respective support service users. Leadership approach In the current study, the situational or the contingency model had been applied. The models had been applied in a hospital care set up in order to provide better care and supervision to the elderly patients. The elderly patients were often at a risk of contracting injury to falling down accidentally. Therefore, proper and sufficient care measures had to be applied in order to provide them with safe measures. In this context, application of the contingency model had helped me as a trainee health professional working for the Nightingale hospital. The contingency leadership approach advocates that the effective leadership be subjected to current situational analysis (Aarons, 2015). It was further dependent upon a number of variables and attributes, which were subject to change and constant revival. The contingency approach could be further divided into task motivate and relationship motivated. With respect to task motivated, the leadership style was only dependent upon achieving success in meeting the criteria of the task. However, the relationship motivated aspires for the establishment better and transparent relationship with the care users. I personally had preferred to use the relationship model for communicating more fluidly as well as understanding the requirements of the support users. The contingency model states that the situations could be accessed further based upon these factors such as: There had to be a feeling of confidence and loyalty in the followers towards their leaders The task structure needed to be spelt out clearly and transparently to the subordinates. The leader needed to follow a punishment and award based system to meet the target requirements. The leader had to be efficient enough to generate sufficient motivation in the followers for meeting the target requirements. Moreover, I think the application of the contingency model was based upon the current situation and demands. Therefore, I need to be more flexible with my approach depending upon the requirements of the support users within my care setup. Thus, as health care professional looking after the working of my subordinates I needed to focus both on the attainment of the task goals as well as should have established clear communication and relationship with my subordinates. In this context, failure in establishment of clear communication gaols resulted in less productive work to be extracted from the staff of the nightingale hospital. Thus, I would need to focus more upon the Least Preferred Co-worker measurement (LPC). In this respect, maintaining a high LPC meant that I established better understanding relationship with my subordinates. It also built the foundation for trust and confidentiality within a care set up. This helped me in addressing the employee grievances and uplifting the overall productivity of the care set up. On the contrary maintaining a low LPC meant that I had to focus more upon getting the work extracted from my employees. However, the approach adopted by me was subjected to change depending the situational analysis. In this respect, an unfavourable situation meant that a low LPC had been followed instead. That helped me in meeting the organisational goals and demands. Thus, the contingency model provides the leader with sufficient room to change his options based upon the situational demand and analysis (Slayton, 2015). Effectiveness of the contingency approach A number of benefits were provided by the application of the contingency model within a hospital administrative setup. In this context, the model was more open-minded allowing for effective decision making and application based upon the current situation. The model helped to identify the problem and provide effective solution under different conditions. However, there were limitations as I realized that a particular approach to a problem might not guarantee solution amidst other conditions. The implication of the model helped one in understanding the contextual, organizational as well as relative human dimensions. The requirements vary from each and every individual organization. This called for revision of the contextual policies and frameworks within an organization. The changes attributed were in need to be constantly evaluated in order to understand the benefits or the deficits. The loopholes or the gaps identified helped me in arriving at a suitable and acceptable solution. I think application of the contingency model had help me in meeting the service needs and demands of my current organization along with providing me with better decision making and judgemental skills. Ethical implications There are a number of ethical issues attached with the application of the contingency model. One of the major limitations possessed by the model is its stringent structure, which could result in the development of conflicting situations at work. In my role as a practising health care professional following the contingency model, I think lack of proper set of rules or guidelines was detrimental. The lack of guidelines had put me in a situation of professional fix where the making of the judgments was based upon reflecting in the present situation(Kock, Project Management Journal). Moreover, the set rules and guidelines vary from one organization to the other. Therefore, a model implied within my current set up may not be acceptable in a different situation and surrounding. Moreover, I was also apprehensive about the professional contributions of the model. Moreover, the changing situations had put me in an unfavourable condition where I had to put extra work pressure upon my subordina tes for meeting the target requirements. However, most of the times the health professionals and colleagues working under my instructions found the work load irrational. This often resulted in a situation of organizational dispute whereby the entire team failed to meet the required targets. Additionally, lack of sufficiency guide and help from senior and experienced health care professionals resulted in a situation of huge organizational gap(De Clercq, 2014). I also needed to ensure that by the application of the model I was able to provide sufficient growth opportunities to my employees. This helped me in meeting the productivity of the organization along with raising the services and standards. Evaluation of other leadership approaches One of the other conventional approaches, which could have been implied over here, was the laissez free model. The laissez free model helped in providing sufficient autonomy to the employees within a care setup. The model is also known as hands free model where the leader was just a nominal head. In this context, the leader had little or no role to play within an organizational setup. The decision-making, setting up goals of the organization were dependent upon individual concerns and shared equally by all(McCleskey, 2014). This provided enough room to the subordinates. In my opinion, I think application of the laissez free model would have helped me in avoiding the workplace conflicts. Moreover, I would have been more open to ideas and solutions provided by my subordinates. I could use the vast amount of choice and options available in order to narrow down the options to the best suited alternative. However, there were a number of ethical implications as well. The model lacks any defined leadership involvement and approach, which would have developed into a more chaotic situation(Elsey, 2016). Additionally, the lack of effective leadership could make the organization more directionless in that way. Conclusion The present study focuses upon the different leadership approach, which needs to be adopted within an organizational set up. However, the style of leadership may vary with the organization where the model was implemented. The current study highlights the different leadership styles and approaches such as the contingency model and the laissez free model. In this context, the effectiveness of the contingency model had been demonstrated. The model provides sufficient room for flexibility within an organization. The optimum utilization of the model however demands sufficient participation of the employees. Additionally, for the successful implementation of the model clear and transparent communication practices had to be maintained within the organization. Thus, effective relation building and communication goals helped me in meeting the productivity demands within an organization. Bibliography Aarons, G. A. (2015). Leadership and organizational change for implementation (LOCI). implementation science , 11. De Clercq, D. B. (2014). Servant leadership and work engagement: The contingency effects of leaderfollower social capita. Human Resource Development Quarterly , 183-212. Elsey, J. . (2016). Manipulating human memory through reconsolidation: Ethical implications of a new therapeutic approach. AJOB Neuroscience, 7(4) , 225-236. Kock, A. H. (Project Management Journal). A Contingency Approach on the Impact of Front?End Success on Project Portfolio Success. 2016 , 115-129. McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly , 117. Slayton, R. B. (2015). Vital signs: estimated effects of a coordinated approach for action to reduce antibiotic-resistant infections in health care facilitiesUnited States. 25-35.